Chemistry Vocabulary

Term acid	Definition a compound that donates H+ ions to a solution; pH <7
Term base	Definition a compound that removes H+ ions from aqueous solution or donates OH-; pH >7
Term pH	Definition describes how acidic or basic a solution is
Term anthocyanin	Definition natural pH indicator
Term amu	Definition atomic mass unit
Term element	Definition pure substance made of only one kind of atom
Term What are the four main elements in living things?	Definition Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon
Term What are the additional four elements in living things?	Definition Potassium, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Calcium
Term ion	Definition an atom or molecule with a charge
Term isotope	Definition atoms with different numbers of neutrons
Term radioactive isotopes	Definition have unstable nuclei that break down over time, emitting particles
Term tracers	Definition isotopes that break down quickly
Term compound	Definition tow or more atoms that are chemically combined
Term ionic bond	Definition when one atom gives an electron (or more) to another atom. The resulting atoms become tons and are attracted to each other
Term covalent bond	Definition when atoms share electrong, allowing the outermost shells of both atoms to be filled; stronger than ionic bonds
Term hydrogen bond	Definition attraction between a partially positive and negative other atom
Term polarity	Definition when electrons are shared unequally, one atom is partially negative, while the other is partially positive.
Term cohesion	Definition water molecules stick to each other with hydrogen bonds
Term surface tension	Definition liquid water keeps its shape because the molecules stick to one another
Term adhesion	Definition polar water molecules atick to polar water molecules in other substances
Term capillary action	Definition the tendency of water to move uo (against gravity) a substance due to adhesion
Term surfactant	Definition a chemical that lowers the surface tension of a liquid (works because of hydrophobis and a hydrophilic end)
Term surfactant	Definition a chemical that lowers the surface tension of a liquid (works because of hydrophobis and a hydrophilic end)
Term hydrophobic	Definition water fearing (non-polar, oil)
Term hydrophilic	Definition water loving (polar, glass, salt)
Term monomer	Definition simple sugar, monosaccharide
Term polymer	Definition carbohydrates, polysaccride
Term lipid	Definition all lipids are hydrophobic
Term matter	Definition has mass and volume and is recycled by decomposers
Term proton	Definition positive charge, 1 amu, found in the nucleus
Term neutron	Definition 0 charge, 1 amu, found in nucleus
Term electron	Definition negative charge, 0 mass, found in electron ring
Term monosaccaride	Definition C6H12O6 Examples: glucose, fructose, galacose
Term glucose	Definition blood sugar
Term fructose	Definition found in honey
Term galacose	Definition found in dairy products
Term diasaccharide	Definition made of two sugar units
Term starch	Definition 1. polymer of glucose 2. used in how glucose is found in plants 3. lots found in root vegetables like potatoes
Term glycogen	Definition 1. polymer of glucose 2. how glucose is stored in animals 3. found in the liver and in muscle tissues
Term cellulose	Definition 1. polymer of glucose 2. major structural material in plants found in plant cell walls 3. indigestible by humans and other animals 4. used to make: wood, cotton, and paper
Term steroid	Definition 1. type of lipid made of four rings 2. used for hormones, estrogen, testosterone, and cholesterol
Term 4 Parts of amino acids	Definition 1. Amine Group 2. Central Carbon attached to Hydrogen 3. Carboxylic Acid Group 4. R Group